ADVANCED TCP/IP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TCP/IP Model +-------------------+ | Application Layer | OSI: Application,Presentation,Session +-------------------+ | Transport Layer | +-------------------+ | Internet Layer | OR Network Layer +-------------------+ | Network Access | OR Link Layer +-------------------+ IP ADDRESS CLASSES: ------------------ CLASS-A: 1-126 CLASS-B: 128-191 CLASS-C: 192-223 CLASS-D: 224-239 [224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255] CLASS-E: 240-247 PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES: -------------------- Class-A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Class-B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Class-C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 Used by Microsoft to allocate addresses to hosts, for *Automatic Private IP Addressing* (APIPA): 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 ---------- SUBNETTING ---------- ---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 ---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 ---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -> 128 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -> 192 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 -> 224 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -> 240 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 -> 248 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 -> 252 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 -> 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -> 255 [Create 12 networks from network:10.0.0.0, mask:255.0.0.0] 10.0.0.0 -> 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 255.0.0.0 -> 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 We need 12 networks: 12d -> 1100h [4 bits] newSubnet -> 1111 1111 . 1111 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 mask [4bits] newSubnet => 255 . 240 . 0 . 0 mask ----------These are the networks-------------------------- 01 : 00001010.0000 0000.00000000.00000000 10.0.0.0 [10.0.0.1-10.15.255.254] bcst:10.15.255.255 02 : 00001010.0001 0000.00000000.00000000 10.16.0.0 [10.16.0.1-10.31.255.254] 03 : 00001010.0010 0000.00000000.00000000 10.32.0.0 [10.32.0.1-10.47.255.254] 04 : 00001010.0011 0000.00000000.00000000 10.48.0.0 [10.48.0.1-10.63.255.254] 05 : 00001010.0100 0000.00000000.00000000 10.64.0.0 [10.64.0.1-10.79.255.254] 06 : 00001010.0101 0000.00000000.00000000 10.80.0.0 [10.80.0.1-10.95.255.254] 07 : 00001010.0110 0000.00000000.00000000 10.96.0.0 [10.96.0.1-10.111.255.254] 08 : 00001010.0111 0000.00000000.00000000 10.112.0.0 [10.112.0.1-10.127.255.254] 09 : 00001010.1000 0000.00000000.00000000 10.128.0.0 [10.128.0.1-10.143.255.254] 10 : 00001010.1001 0000.00000000.00000000 10.144.0.0 [10.144.0.1-10.159.255.254] 11 : 00001010.1010 0000.00000000.00000000 10.160.0.0 [10.160.0.1-10.175.255.254] 12 : 00001010.1011 0000.00000000.00000000 10.176.0.0 [10.176.0.1-10.191.255.254] 13 : 00001010.1100 0000.00000000.00000000 10.192.0.0 [10.192.0.1-10.207.255.254] 14 : 00001010.1101 0000.00000000.00000000 10.208.0.0 [10.208.0.1-10.223.255.254] 15 : 00001010.1110 0000.00000000.00000000 10.224.0.0 [10.224.0.1-10.239.255.254] 16 : 00001010.1111 0000.00000000.00000000 10.240.0.0 [10.240.0.1-10.255.255.254] ----------These are the networks-------------------------- VLMS and CIDR ------------- VLMS (Variable Length Subnet Masking) CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) [Split network: *10.48.0.0/12* into 5 networks] We need 5 networks: 5d -> 101h [3 bits] newSubnet -> 1111 1111 . 1111 1110 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 = *10.48.0.0/15* mask ----------These are the networks-------------------------- 01 : 00001010.0011 000-0.00000000.00000000 10.48.0.0 [10.48.0.1-10.49.255.254] bcst:10.49.255.255 02 : 00001010.0011 001-0.00000000.00000000 10.50.0.0 [10.50.0.1-10.51.255.254] 03 : 00001010.0011 010-0.00000000.00000000 10.52.0.0 [] 04 : 00001010.0011 011-0.00000000.00000000 10.54.0.0 [] 05 : 00001010.0011 100-0.00000000.00000000 10.56.0.0 [] 06 : 00001010.0011 101-0.00000000.00000000 10.58.0.0 [] 07 : 00001010.0011 110-0.00000000.00000000 10.60.0.0 [] 08 : 00001010.0011 111-0.00000000.00000000 10.62.0.0 [] ----------These are the networks-------------------------- X-casting --------- 1) Unicast: Communication between "Single transmitter" & "Single Receiver" 2) Broadcast: Communication between "Single transmitter" & "All possible Receivers on a segment" (Routers stop broadcasts, creating domain boundaries) 3) Multicast: Communication sent to a "Group of Receivers" (Ex.:Videoconference) Receivers must join a group. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Hugo Martin www.hackcraft.com (2006)